Desenvolvimento de métodos eletroanalíticos para a determinação de levofloxacina em formulação farmacêutica e urina utilizando eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com óxido de grafeno reduzido e nanotubos de carbono

Abstract

In this work, reduced graphene oxide (OGR) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were compared as glass-carbon electrode surface modifiers for the determination of levofloxacin. Both nanomaterials were properly characterized by Raman spectroscopy, thus showing that there were in fact structural changes after functionalization. Experiments involving cyclic voltammetry, showed that the rGO-based sensor showed greater analytical signal gain for levofloxacin compared to electrodes modified with MWCNT (4 times) and without modification (20 times). The oxidation process of levofloxacin on the different electrode surfaces was controlled by the adsorption of the electroactive and irreversible species at approximately + 1.0 V. Differential pulse voltammetry (VPD), square wave voltammetry (VOQ), amperometric detection using injection analysis flow (FIA-AMP) and batch injection (BIA-AMP) were evaluated to determine levofloxacin in samples of pharmaceutical formulations using the rGO modified electrode. The developed methods presented detection limits of 1.45; 6.70; 1.90; 0.33 µmol L-1 and recovery levels of 91, 106, 103 and 101%, respectively. All relative standard deviations were less than 7.0 %, indicating adequate precision. Levofloxacin levels were in agreement with the value established by the drug manufacturer. For analysis of the urine sample, the dynamic methods FIA / BIA-AMP were selected due to the high analytical frequency (about 100 injections per hour), with a recovery level between 96-98%. All electrochemical results were statistically comparable with the analysis by ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC), at a level of 95% reliability, demonstrating that the methods are promising for routine analysis.