“Sentir através de”: o ensino do desenho de observação na arquitetura e urbanismo à luz da fenomenologia da percepção

Abstract

This thesis aims to investigate possible strategic alternatives for the teaching of observational drawing in architecture and urbanism in the light of the Phenomenology of Perception. It is noticed a significant change in the thinking and behavior of the new generations of students entering universities, inserted in an increasingly technological and imagetic culture, incessantly affected by visual images. The lived experiences necessary for cognitive maturation are merging with speed and simultaneity. The change in the representational paradigm implies new attitudes in the scope of higher education teaching, which focuses on the exercise of reflection on other ways to teach this competency. In opposition to Representationalism thinking, it is argued in favor of a cognitive gain in drawing learning by promoting activities that focus on the production of "multisensory images", ie. taken both in their dimension of the sensitive and in the field of interpretation and construction of possible new meanings. Thus, a drawing emerges from sensations mediated by the body, memory and imagination, without limiting itself to the representation of the abstract perspective picture plan, external and only committed to the visual reality. In fact, it was prioritized by a behavior of suspending aesthetic prejudices in the students, understanding that they naturally associate the practice of drawing with the commitment of mimetic description of the real. Drawing is understood as a dynamic and active way of affecting, interacting, and building a sense of the world. The methodology adopted involves a theoretical, historical and philosophical revision, as well as it establishes a phenomenological analysis, from discourses seized through action research. In order to compare the teaching of traditional drawing with the intended approach, some experiments were accomplished at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (FAU-UFJF), Minas Gerais-MG, Brazil. Lastly, some propositions based on the proposed approach are raised, in order to direct the students to a more sensitive view in relation to the architectural, urban and landscape spaces.