Análise geral da não-comutatividade em mecânica quântica e teoria quântica dos campos

Abstract

In the Doplicher, Fredenhagen, Roberts and Amorim (DFRA) noncommutative (NC) space, which is an extension of the DFR space, the object of noncommutativity (θij) is a variable of the NC system and has a canonical conjugate momentum. In this dissertation, we will show that θij (i,j = 1,2,3), in NC quantum mechanics, is an operator in Hilbert space and we will explore the consequences of this so-called “operationalization”. The DFRA algebra is constructed in an extended space-time with independent degrees of freedom associated with the object of noncommutativity θij. We will show the symmetry properties of an extended x+θ (D=10) space-time, given by the group P', which has the Poincaré group P as a subgroup. The Noether formalism adapted to such extended x+θ (D = 4 +6) space-time will be depicted. A consistent algebra involving the enlarged set of canonical operators will be described, which permits one to construct theories that are dynamically invariant under the action of the rotation group. In this framework it is also possible to give dynamics to the NC operator sector, resulting in new features. A consistent classical mechanics formulation will be analyzed in such a way that, under quantization, furnishes a NC quantum theory with interesting results. The Dirac formalism for constrained Hamiltonian systems is considered and the object of noncommutativity θij plays a fundamental role as an independent quantity. Next, we will explain the dynamical spacetime symmetries in NC relativistic theories by using the DFRA algebra. It is also explained about the generalized Dirac equation issue, that the fermionic field depends not only on the ordinary coordinates but also θij. The dynamical symmetry content of such fermionic theory is discussed, and we will show that its action is invariant under P'. In the last part of this work we will depict the complex quantum scalar fields using this new framework. In a first quantized formalism, θij and its canonical momentum πij are seen as operators living in some Hilbert space. In a second quantized formalism perspective, we will show an explicit form for the extended Poincaré generators and the same algebra is generated via generalized Heisenberg relations. We also will consider a source term and construct a general solution for the complex quantum scalar fields using the Green function technique.