Magnetismo como sistema vinculado

Abstract

In this work we discuss the two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg model from the constrained systems point of view. We present this system as a theory which has not gauge invariance. The concept of gauge invariance is very useful in theoretical physics, since it allows a deep understanding of physical systems and an arbitrary choice of a reference at each instant of time. In fact, all theories describing the fundamental interactions are gauge theories. In the method of Dirac all constraints obtained for the two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg model are second class, this means, at first, the model has no gauge invariance. This will be checked by applying the symplectic method. In this context, the symplectic potential (Hamiltonian) will be obtained and a choice of particular factor-ordering, namely that the functions of the fields should be left to the operators, we write the associated functional equation of Schrodinger. This equation will not be solved explicitly here, however, this could be done by applying the method of functional calculation, and so we should obtain the energy spectrum of the system.