Síntese e caracterização espectroscópica de complexos de esquaraínas

Abstract

In this work were synthezised two squaraines, named sodium 1,2bis(dicyanomethylene) squarate (CDCMSQ) and sodium 1,3- bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate (TDCMSQ)], both derived from squaric acid (1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-cyclobutene), as well as eight new coordination compounds with each squaraine involving the transition metal ions Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. The ligands were submitted to 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, whereas the ligands and all coordination compounds were submitted to vibrational spectroscopic analysis (infrared and Raman), thermogravimmetry, powder X-ray diffraction and electronic spectroscopy. The 13C RMN data for the ligands have shown a more delocalized electronic structure for TDCMSQ when compared to CDCMSQ, by comparing the carbon ring chemical shifts for both compounds, and also the comparison between these chemical shifts and the ones for squaric acid. This bigger electronic delocalization at TDCMSQ shows up also in the Raman spectra analysis, where the ring ν (CC), which is related to the electronic delocalization, can be seen as only one band at 1135 cm-1, but appears as a doublet in the cis derivative, indicating the ring asymmetry in this species. Both Raman and infrared spectra obtained for all compounds strongly suggest the existence of the inversion center symmetry element, since several vibrational modes can be seen in one technique but not in other. In the vibrational spectra of the coordination compounds the ν (CN) modes are the most perturbed after coordination, suggesting the ligands are bonded to the metal íons by the nitrogen atoms present in the dicyanomethylene groups of the squaraines. The electronic spectra of the ligands and also the coordination compounds all present the same spectroscopic behaviour, suggesting the coordination does not affect the electronic transitions of the ligands, which can be assigned to a π→π* transition centered at the oxocarbon ring and a more energetic π→π* transition centered at the dicyanomethylene groups. The powder X-ray diffraction analyses have shown some of the investigated compounds present the same diffraction pattern when compared with literature, which were used to generate the simulation. For TDCMSQ the X-ray diffraction powder was very similar to the one whose crystal structure was described before, but the same was not observed for CDCMSQ, since the crystal structure described present one dioxane molecule in the solid state. For the coordination compounds containing the trans squaraine, only the cobalt (II) and nickel (II) are isostructural when compared with the copper (II) compound describe in the literature. The complexes containing the cis ligand showed a much lower crystallinity when compared to the trans compounds, which difficult their x-ray analysis.