Eliminações intestinais e urinárias em pessoas idosas e implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem: estudo seccional e de representação social

Abstract

Objective: To understand how the patterns of intestinal and urinary elimination are manifested in the everyday context of elderly individuals from the individual perspective and from the socially constituted group, and to analyze the patterns of intestinal and urinary elimination of elderly people treated at home and their implication for the care of nursing. Methods: Quantitative qualitative research developed in Minas Gerais from July / 2017 to April 2018. Qualitative step anchored in the Theory of Social Representations in structural and procedural approaches and quantitative stage with sectional study. Participants were people aged ≥65 years and treated at home, defined by census sample and by typicity. Data collection instrument containing: characterization of the participants according to sociodemographic and urinary and fecal elimination patterns, evocation technique, interview with audio recording and scales on urinary eliminations. Data processed with EVOC 2005 and Nvivo Pro® software. Results: Participants included 186 participants (structural and sectional approach) and 50 (procedural): women (66.7%), 52.9% over 75 (65-97 years); with partner (34.5%), family income ≤3 minimum wages (53.8%), with ≥3 children (36%); (89.2%) taking medication (92.5%) and having 1 to 4 years of schooling (51.2%). The intestinal elimination pattern was characterized as: normal intestinal transit (76.4%); suggestive of slow intestinal transit (19.3%) and rapid intestinal transit (4.3%). The representational contents of the defecation act expressed negative feelings, linked to environmental and social conditions, constipation being considered a change in the body, motivating for medicalization and mediated by personal habits. Field journal records corroborated these impressions. Procedural approach of the intestinal elimination pattern seized by the categories: 1) anal incontinence: "(Des) control of bowel movements and the toilet" and "The trace of incontinence and need for concealment / control"; 2) constipation: "Strategies to cope with constipation" and "Living with constipation and sharing experiences to overcome it." The color of the urine allowed to infer on the level of hydration (urine color types 1 to 3 among 71% of the participants). Urinary incontinence (46.8%) had an impact on the quality of life of women according to KHQ (x%) and ICIQ-SF (x%) scale applied to men and women. The following categories were obtained with the procedural approach: 1) urinary incontinence: "(Des) urinary control, bathroom search and conviviality with incontinence" and "Urinary incontinence marks deciphered in others and popular knowledge" and 2) Do not urinate threatening life and your perception from personal and family experiences "and" Building the image of retention from the experiences of others. " Structural approach corroborated previous findings. Final considerations: Representational and symbolic contents on the patterns of intestinal and urinary eliminations and individual information allowed to identify and understand intrapersonal, interpersonal and transpersonal stressors and the influence of cultural components of different origins whose implication is compatible with nurses' work performance in primary care . Contributions were made to the elaboration of a social situational diagnosis and a re-reading of the intestinal and urinary elimination patterns in the social and individual dimensions.