O poema como morada: exílio em Ferreira Gullar

Abstract

The human being must have a place to live. A place where he feels protected and which was also the home of his ancestors and may be that of his descendants, a place where he is always and that somehow accompanies him in his movements. To live is to survive, to have meaning for the other and vice versa, to create an identity. The human dwelling is built daily and day after day, in a work of reinvention and readjustment. In the case of exiles, this construction is interrupted, sometimes abruptly, and the work must be restarted in the land of asylum. But for all the people, the creation of the abode is a difficult task, because it has contradictory faces, is exposed to the difficulties of life and is always unstable. Due to the peculiarities of the exile, such construction can become even more painful. In literature of exile, it is observed that the author, unable to have where to live, constructs in the text his address. In the literary text, the exile attempts to rejoin the parts of his torn-out self. As a result, the poem can become this dwelling with a burden of strangeness, ambiguity, insecurity, and suffering. But the poem is also the place of recovery of identity, especially of linguistic identity, the mourning and survival experiences. In this thesis, poems are analyzed that may indicate that they have become the home of the exiled poet. In a different way, each one lives his exile. So are poets and poems. But five characteristics can be seeing in these poems and we noted that they are repeated: the exile is away from home, aware of the exile, is a being alone, wants a paradise and went through an experience of former exile. The presence of these characteristics in several poems is a small sample of the western and Brazilian tradition of exile poetry. Heir to this tradition, Ferreira Gullar creates poems that reinvent his hometown, make reflections about his exile for political reasons and show certain self-absorption. It is supposed that these are three types of exile existing in the poetry of this author.