Complexos de inclusão de inseticidas em ciclodextrinas: obtenção, caracterização físico-química, atividade inseticida frente a larvas de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) e avaliação toxicológica

Abstract

In this work the inclusion compounds formed between benzoylphenylureas (novaluron - NOV and diflubenzuron - DIF) and avermectin (abamectin - ABA) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) were prepared, characterized and evaluated their larvicide and cytotoxic activities. Changes in the infrared spectra and thermal profiles of the inclusion compounds in relation to mechanical mixtures and precursors suggested the occurrence of interaction between those compounds and the βCD. Thermodynamic data obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry allowed verifying the formation of inclusion compounds with stoichiometry 1: 1, and the spontaneous processes and distinct values for the formation constant. The analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the samples suggests that inclusion via 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethoxy- ethoxy group, the phenyl group, or benzofuran ring for inclusion compounds with NOV, DIF and ABA, respectively. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential data from inclusion compounds demonstrated changes in the size of the particles in suspension in relation to precursors. Moreover, it was possible to verify by solubilization curves that inclusion compounds have greater solubility compared with the pure substances, except of NOV. Based on suspension data, the solid is characterized as an unstable hydrophobic nanoprecipitated with possibility of aggregation. In relation to biological assays, the lethal dose values to 50% of the larvae of Aedes aegypti (LD50) or emergency inhibition percentage at 50% of its population (% IE50) were less than 1 ppm for all compounds, demonstrating the high insecticidal activity of them. The evaluation of larvicidal activity in the L4 stage to benzoylphenylureas and their inclusion compounds proved to be ineffective, suggesting a probable increase in the larvicidal activity of the inclusion compound with NOV compared to its precursor. Furthermore, the emergence inhibition assay for benzoylphenylureas allowed to confirm the mechanism of action of these compounds during the mosquito’s life cycle, to verify direct relationship between dose and mortality; to observe the delay in the development stage of mosquitoes in the samples treated compared to control, and, to verify the reduction in % EI50 values for inclusion compounds. In the experiments realized in L1 and L4 stadia for ABA and its inclusion compound, it was verified a more fragility L1 stadium with respect to L4 and a reduction of LD50 values for the inclusion compounds in all experiments. These data demonstrate the highest larvicidal activity of inclusion compounds in relation to the free substances. In the evaluation of toxicity using the MTT assay WI26UA4 fibroblast cells it was confirmed that NOV and DIF and their inclusion compounds showed low toxicity, while the ABA and its inclusion compound showed moderate toxicity. It was also observed that the values to generate cytotoxicity in humans are much higher than those required to cause larval mortality, demonstrating the selectivity and safety of nano composition. Thus, the strategy for preparing the inclusion compound resulted in an increase in larvicidal activity in all situations tested, demonstrating that this may be a promising alternative for the control of Aedes aegypti.