Avaliação dos efeitos de acetato em células de neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y e células-tronco humanas de dente decíduo esfoliado cultivadas na presença de glutamato

Abstract

Glutamate, a non-essential amino acid, is an excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS), being released during the nerve impulse. In situations of cerebral pathology, the accumulation of glutamate occurs in the extracellular space, causing neuronal damage and, eventually, apoptosis. Many studies have reported that glutamate cytotoxicity is associated with various neurological diseases. In this context, acetate, a short chain fatty acid, can benefit the CNS energetically and structurally. Acetyl-coenzyme A, a metabolically active form of acetate, is used as a substrate in biochemical pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, in addition to increasing the acetylation of histones, altering the expression of inflammatory genes. The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line is commonly used in studies related to neurodegenerative diseases, with a large scale expansion capacity prior to differentiation, whereas the stem cell line of exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) is commonly used in models of cellular behavior. The objective of this research was evaluate the effects of acetate by glutamate-induced cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y and SHED cells. SH-SY5Y and SHED cells were cultured respectively in DMEM / F12 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin, and alpha-MEM medium, supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 1% (v/v), 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin, 0.01 mM non-essential amino acids and 2 mM L-glutamine. Cell viability at different concentrations of acetate (5 to 75 mM) and glutamate (25 to 150 mM) was measured by the MTT assay. Differentiation was performed on SH-SY5Y by supplementing the medium with 10 μM retinoic acid (RA) and reducing FBS to 1% (v/v) for 4, 7 and 10 days in culture, and in SHED by replacing the culture medium with DMEM Low-Glucose, supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin, 10-7 M dexamethasone, 50 μM ascorbic acid 2-phosphate and 2 mM β- Glycerol phosphate in order to verify how these cells respond to the acetate/glutamate mixture. Statistical analysis was performed one-way or two-way ANOVA, as well as Kruskal-Wallis test, when appropriate, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. After 7 days of incubation, concentrations of 5 and 25 mM acetate had less influence on the viability of SH-SY5Y and SHED cells, whereas the IC50% of glutamate was around 75mM and 50mM for these lines, respectively. By subjecting the cells to the combined treatment of acetate and glutamate, it was observed that acetate did not exert cytoprotection through cellular exposure to glutamate. After qualitative analysis of the osteogenic differentiation in SHEDs, greater mineralization was observed in the cells treated with RA and acetate, in comparison with the control cells. Subsequent studies to identify how these cells respond to acetate at the molecular level, considering the expression of cyclins, chromatin compaction, and the presence of characteristic biochemical markers during differentiation of each lineage, for example, may provide a more complete understanding of how this component acts on the metabolic dynamics and cellular bioenergetics.