Prevalência de má oclusão e necessidade de tratamento ordotôntico em escolares de 12 anos de idade na cidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in schoolchildren of 12 years of age in the city of Juíz de Fora, Minas Gerais and to compare it to the need perceived by the parents/guardians and children from the sample, evaluating potential associated sociodemographic factors. The need for treatment was assessed using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need IOTN-AC. It was assessed also the subjective aesthetic impact of malocclusion through OASIS (Orthodontics Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score). The study was conducted with 451 children from 12 years of age and 373 guardians. Statistical analysis was performed using x2 and Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression. According to the DAI, the majority of the schoolchildren need some type of orthodontic therapy (65.6%). The compulsory need for treatment, related to severe malocclusions, were diagnosed in 13.7% of the students, while the remaining was divided into highly desirable (19.1%) and elective treatment (32.8%). The evaluation of aesthetic need (IOTN-AC) was observed in 19.7% of the schoolchildren, being 12.6% for borderline cases and 7.1% for defined need. The aesthetic impact of malocclusion was observed in 14.9% of the students. The IOTNAC and the OASIS, although they showed a statistical association with the DAI, they have shown values significantly lower (p <0.001). The self-perceived need for treatment by the children (83.8%) and perceived by their parents/guardians (85.6%) were both higher than the normative need (DAI). The perceived need reported by the parents/guardians presented significant association with the normative treatment need, when adjusted by the parental education and the socioeconomic status (p = 0.023). The variables: gender (p = 0.042), type of school (p = 0.002), maxillary overjet greater than or equal to 4 mm (p = 0.037) and gingival smile greater than or equal to 4 mm (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with the subjective aesthetic impact of malocclusion (OASIS). It was concluded that the majority of the schoolchildren evaluated presented orthodontic treatment need according to normative criteria and by the perception of the schoolchildren themselves and their parents/guardians. However, this need diminishes substantially when measured only by normative aesthetic criteria, which highlights the discrepancy between the results obtained by different instruments.