Diversidade e estrutura de fragmentos florestais urbanos : abordagem prática do conceito de "Ecossistemas Emergentes" (Novel Ecosystems) para a Floresta Atlântica

Abstract

Urban forests are within a highly anthropogenic and fragmented matrix, resulting in communities with distinct biotic and structural assemblages. The most important consequence of human impacts, which was intensified in the Anthropocene, was the arise of Novel Ecosystems. Given the importance of urban forests to maintain ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, human welfare and its relation with Novel Ecosystem concept, three questions were developed: (1) Diversity, structure and species composition are similar in urban forest fragments, located close together? (2) Species composition, diversity and structure of urban forest fragments are distinct from an old-growth forest located within the same phytophysiognomy and same region? (3) Are the studied urban forest fragments examples of brazilian Novel Forests? The study was conducted in the southeast of Minas Gerais State, within the seasonally semideciduous domain. Trees (DBH ≥ 5 centimeter) of five urban forest fragments and one old-growth forest fragment (control) were sampled with 10 plots of 20 x 20 m. The results showed that urban forest fragments were different mainly between diversity and species composition, due to the dominance of alien species (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and native opportunists (Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish). The urban forest fragments were different from the control forest due to mostly different species composition, low biomass accumulation, low diversity, and less heterogeneous species distribution. The dominance of a few species (exotic or native opportunists) in most of the urban forest fragments was sufficient to indicate a crossed ecological threshold and define them as Novel Ecosystems. Due to the novelty of the concept and lack of studies in Brazil, this is important to show the existence of Brazilian Novel Forests and contribute to the knowledge of their function.