Scorpion venom peptides as therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review

Abstract

Background Scorpions have evolved a highly efficient venom that serves both to capture prey and for self-defense. As a result, peptides isolated from the venom of various scorpion species show great potential for the development of new medicines. Purpose This systematic review provides an overview of the therapeutic potential of peptides isolated from scorpion venom that act on the cardiovascular system. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Virtual Health Library for relevant studies published until December 2023, using the terms “peptides,” “scorpion,” “bradykinin potentiating factor,” “effects on cardiovascular diseases,” and “antihypertensive effects.” Results The literature search yielded 240 references. After applying the inclusion criteria, 17 studies were selected for analy- sis. Our review yielded five key findings: First, the identification of canonical bradykinin-potentiating peptides, which act as inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, and non-canonical bradykinin-potentiating peptides, which act as B2 recep- tor agonists, enhancing the physiological effects of bradykinin. Second, a peptide regulating cardiomyocyte proteins was discovered. Third, an inotropic peptide was identified. Fourth, a potent hERG blocker peptide was found. Finally, a peptide with significant sodium current blocking capabilities in ventricular myocytes was identified. Conclusion The high specificity and potency of these scorpion venom-derived molecules underscore their potential as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular field. This research highlights the importance of exploring natural bioactive compounds for the development of innovative treatments for cardiovascular diseases.