Efeitos da suplementação de ômega-3 sobre marcadores de disfunção mitocondrial em pacientes com excesso de peso: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity is one of the biggest public health concerns worldwide. In Brazil, its prevalence in adults grew by more than 80% between 2006 and 2018. Currently, one fifth of the Brazilian population is affected by some degree of obesity, generating an annual economic impact of 1.4 billion reais. As obesity is marked by an imbalance between energy consumption and expenditure, it is clear that mitochondria, the main regulator of energy metabolism, play a central role in its pathogenesis. In obesity, a marked mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, causing a reduction in the oxidation of substrates, greater generation of reactive oxygen species, impaired insulin signaling and other problems. Therefore, regaining mitochondrial function is a convenient approach for this population. A promising intervention is omega-3 supplementation, already known for its anti-inflammatory power and action on cell membranes. This therapy still seems to modulate irisin signaling, an important regulator of mitochondrial function. Thus, the present study aimed to review the interactions between omega-3 supplementation and mitochondrial dysfunction, observing processes regulated by these organelles such as apoptosis, inflammation and insulin signaling. Methods: The methodology proposed by PRISMA was adopted, exploring Medline, Cochrane, Embase, BVS and Opengrey databases, initially identifying 35 papers. Next, titles, abstracts, and the completeness of the articles were analyzed, including 4 studies in the review. The PICOS strategy was employed considering adults of both sexes, omega-3 supplementation at any dose and placebo control. Outcomes were parameters used in the literature to infer mitochondrial function, such as apoptosis, oxidative balance and inflammation. Randomized controlled clinical trials were included. Results: Supplementation with omega-3 was able to restore mitochondrial function, optimizing processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis regulation, in addition to promoting an antioxidant effect. Conclusion: Omega-3 supplementation is an effective approach to attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction in overweight patients.