Um método para seleção de atributos em dados genômicos

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies have as main objective to discovery SNP type molecular markers associated directly or indirectly to a speci c phenotype related to one or more characteristics of an individual or even a disease. The SNP could be the causative mutation itself or correlated with the causative mutation due to common inheritance. Aiming to identify the causal or promoter region of the phenotype, which is unknown a priori, thousands or millions of SNPs are genotyped in samples composed of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Therefore, emerges the necessity to confront a challenge of selecting the most informative SNPs in genotype data set where the number of attributes are, usually, much higher than the number of individuals. Besides, the possibility of highly correlated attributes should be considered, as well as interactions between pairs, trios or combinations of high order SNPs. The most usual methods applied on genomewide association studies adopt the p-value of each SNP as a lter to select the SNPs most signi cant. For continuous phenotypes the statistical regression-based hypothesis test is used and the Chi-Square test or similar for classi cation of discrete phenotypes. However, this class of methods capture only SNPs with additive e ects, due to the linear relationship considered. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of established procedures, this work proposes a new SNPs selection method, named SNP Markers Selector (SMS), based on Machine Learning and Computational Intelligence strategies. The model is built considering an approach which divides the SNPs selection problem in three distinct phases: the rst related to the evaluation of the markers relevance, a second responsible for the de nition of the set of the relevant markers that will be considered by means of a cut strategy based on a threshold of markers relevance and, nally, a phase for the re nement of the cut process, usually to diminish false-positive markers. In the SMS, these three steps were implemented using Random Forests, Support Vector Machine and Genetic Algorithms, respectively. The SMS intends to create a work ow that maximizes the SNPs selection potential of the model due to the adoption of steps considered complementary. In this way, there is an increasing expectation on the performance of the SMS to capture additive e ects, moderate non-additive interaction between pairs and trios of SNPs, or even, higher order interactions with minimally detectable e ects. The SMS can be applied both in regression problems (continuous phenotype) as in classi cation problems (discrete phenotype). Numerical experiments were performed to evaluate the potential of the strategy, with the method being applied in seven sets of simulated data and in a real data set, where milk production capacity predicated of dairy cows was measured as continuous phenotype. Besides, the comparison of the proposed method with methods based on p-value and Lasso Bayesian technique indicate, in general, competitive results from the point of view of true-positive SNPs using simulated data set with additive e ects in conjunction with interactions of pairs and trios of SNPs. In the real data, based on 56,947 SNPs and a single phenotype of milk production, the method identi ed 245 QTLs associated with milk production and composition and 90 candidate genes associated with mastitis, milk production and composition, standing out that these QTLs and genes were identi ed by previous studies using other selection methods. Thus, the experiments showed the potential of the method in relation to other strategies when complex scenarios with simulated or real data are adopted, indicating that the work ow developed to guide the construction of the method should be considered for genome-wide asociation studies in humans, animals and plants.