Fragmentação internacional da produção: uma análise do desempenho dos países nas cadeias globais de valor

Abstract

The development of information technology, communication and transport, as well as the intensification of globalization, verified in the 1990s and early 2000s, made possible the fragmentation of the processes of production of products and services in several stages along the production chain, emerging the concept of Global Value Chains (GVCs), in which each production step is carried out in a different location on the globe, enjoying the comparative advantages of each nation. In this context, countries have the opportunity to integrate into international trade by providing products and/or services at certain stages along the production chain, each one performing that task in which it is most efficient (and with lower costs). It is estimated that around 80% of world trade is in intermediate goods, confirming the importance of productive fragmentation. Thus, this work aims to analyze the participation of countries in GVCs, with emphasis on their degrees of economic development, over the 2005- 2015 decade. For this purpose, the countries were grouped into advanced and emerging and the average values of four indicators of participation in international trade in added value were calculated, using data from the Trade in Value Added (TiVA/OECD) base. The three large sectors of the economy were considered: agriculture, manufacturing and services, in addition to the aggregate total, for 64 economies, 36 of which were classified as emerging and 28 as advanced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The results obtained show that both developed and developing countries expanded their participation in GVCs during the period analyzed, with this increase being more expressive for the group of developed countries. Furthermore, it was observed that advanced countries participate in sectors of the economy in which the stages of greater value addition within the production chain occur, while emerging countries act more strongly in sectors where the activities carried out generate less added value. Finally, these results, in addition to showing the participation of countries in the GVCs, reveal opportunities that can be explored by managers, such as public incentive policies, increased investments, promotion of agreements between firms and countries, among others.