Desenvolvimento de métodos eletroanalíticos utilizando sensor a base de grafeno para a determinação de antibióticos em amostras de leite e formulações farmacêuticas

Abstract

Antibiotics correspond to the largest and most important class of drugs used by human and veterinary medicine, due to their antibacterial properties for the treatment of various diseases. The use of carbon-based nanomaterials, especially graphene, has been performing an essential role in the construction of new electrochemical sensors. Thus, the main aim of this work was to develop simple, fast, sensitive and low-cost electroanalytical methods, using a reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/rGO) for the ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TET) and chloramphenicol (CLO) evaluation in pharmaceutical formulations and milk. Studies using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of the antibiotics showed na electrocatalytic effect of rGO on different electrochemical processes, due to the considerable increments of current and potential anticipation in relation to the bare electrode. The analytical performance of GCE/rGO for the quantification of antibiotics was investigated using square wave voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, and in flow and batch analysis systems with amperometric detection. All proposed methods presented relative standard deviation below 7.0 %, demonstrating an adequate precision. The obtained limits of detection (LD) values were lower than 1.0 µmol L-1 for CIP, TET and CLO. For the methods application in pharmaceutical and milk samples, the samples were simply diluted (50-fold) in supporting electrolyte, Britton-Robinson buffer (0.04 mol L-1 ). Recovery percentages in the range of 84 to 117% attested the sample matrix effect absence. The antibiotics levels in the milk samples were below the LD, while in the pharmaceutical formulations, the active principles contents were in agreement with the values provided by the manufacturers. All results obtained electrochemically were properly compared to chromatographic analyses, with no significant differences evidence, at 95% confidence level, which indicated a good accuracy of the methods. Thus, the developed methods are reliable and promising for implementation in pharmaceutical formulations quality control and in the antibiotic residues monitoring in milk.