Consumo de café da manhã e sua associação com determinantes sociais, nutricionais, bioquímicos e pressão arterial entre adolescentes de Juiz de Fora, MG: Estudo EVA-JF

Abstract

Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood, in which the adoption of inappropriate eating practices is observed, including the omission of breakfast, which can have an impact on the current and future health status. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of omission of breakfast and associated factors among adolescents from public schools in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. This is an epidemiological, cross-sectional study carried out with adolescents between 14 and 19 years of age, of both sexes, who participated in the study Lifestyle in Adolescence, in Juiz de Fora- Minas Gerais. Sociodemographic data (age, sex, skin color, socioeconomic classification, home condition and parents' education), anthropometric data (weight, height, waist circumference and body fat percentage by bipolar electrical bioimpedance), biochemical and clinical data were obtained (total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins -HDL-c and LDL-c-, triglycerides, fasting glycemia and systolic and diastolic blood pressure), behavioral (regular frequency of physical activity and daily sleep time) and food consumption , the latter assessed through the application of two 24-hour food reminders and a questionnaire on questions about consumption, including frequency of breakfast consumption. The foods were grouped according to the NOVA classification according to the degree of industrial processing into: fresh or minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients and food-based preparations; processed foods and ultra-processed foods. A food composition table was used to estimate energy contribution and macronutrients, and the data were adjusted using the Multiple Source Method (MSM). 805 adolescents were interviewed, with a mean age of 16.1 years ± 1.2 years, the majority being female (57.6%; n = 464); most (64.8%; n = 517) declared themselves to be brown, black, indigenous or yellow and were classified in the average socioeconomic level (58.5%; n = 471). Excess weight, according to the BMI, was observed in 28.7% (n = 227) of the adolescents and 49% (n = 332) had a risk classification for the percentage of body fat. More than a third (35.7%; n = 287) of the participants practiced exercises for a time ≤ 300 minutes / week and about 16.5% (n = 133) had insufficient sleep time. The average energy intake was 2134.9 Kcal, with 45.7% coming from ultra-processed foods. Regarding the consumption of breakfast, it was observed that 19.9% of adolescents reported that it was omitted. Intake intake was associated with an average increase of 3.02% (95% CI: 0.52; 5.53) in the energy intake of ultra-processed foods, in addition to an average increase of 0.28 z-score (95% CI : 0.05; 0.52) of the BMI-for-age and of 1.64% (95% CI 0.21; 3.08) of body fat. Through the hierarchical regression analysis, it was evidenced that 11 the infrequent consumption of breakfast was associated with the following variables: condition of occupation of the home (OR = 0.618; 95% CI: 0.441-0.865; p = 0.005), consumption of beverages industrialized (OR: 0.658; 95% CI: 0.486-0.890; p = 0.007), percentage of energy from processed foods (OR: 0.935; 95% CI: 0.907-0.964; p <0.001), sex (OR: 0.696; 95% CI: 0.520-0.932; p = 0.015) and skin color (OR: 1.529; 95% CI: 1.131-2.069; p = 0.006). The importance of actions to encourage the consumption of this meal and the adoption of healthy practices among adolescents is reinforced. The understanding of the associated factors is the basis and makes it possible to plan targeted actions.