Virtus, prima inter pares: a ética estoica em Cícero e a proposta de identidade filosófica em Tusculanae Disputationes

Abstract

This dissertation aims to present the stoic ethics in the composition of Ciceronian eclecticism and, furthermore, the use of these ethical concepts in tusculanae disputationes, showing the possibility of moral fortification of the Roman man from the use of philosophy as therapy, called by us. as a philosophical identity. We had as a starting point the presentation of the context of emergence of the doctrine of the portico school, as well as the components of its ethics: the concepts of virtue, vice, indifferent, passions and appropriate actions, in addition to differentiating between the wise and the foolish. As eclectic as he was, Cicero took no definite stand on philosophical affiliation, even though he had his own preferences, for he shared the thinking of various doctrines. In the ethical field, he received greater influence from the portico school, although he knew all the Hellenic doctrines, his direct contact with the philosophers of the middle phase of stoá made him closer to the great names of this period, being influenced by Possidônio Apamea, and especially by Panecius of Rhodes. His philosophy was linked to his personal life and the problems of the declining Republic. The formation of the Ciceronian treaty meets the events of the Rome of the century I a.e.c., as well as the speaker's shaking condition. Roman philosophical identity, pointed out in the form of moral counseling, begins with the presentation of the retor-philosopher, the consolatory persona who represents the arpinate, and continues with the development of the consolatio genre, a genre chosen as a means of preparing man for face the adversities of life. These counsels offered by Cicero to the citizens focus on valuing philosophy as necessary for the happiness of individuals (including the encouragement of philosophical production in the Latin language); the release from fear of death and pain; the alleviation of afflictions and disturbances of the soul as the path to happy life and the virtues as seeds of soul medicine.