Tracking de indicadores de desempenho e compreensão de fatores relevantes para abandono e continuidade na modalidade em jovens atletas de elite de atletismo

Abstract

The training of athletics is organized into a long-term training process (TLP), which initially involves the selection of talents, followed by continuous monitoring of biological maturation, physical growth and physiological and motor adaptations in response to training provided. In performance sports, tracking athletes over time provides valuable insight into their performance and guides sport scientists and coaches in setting the training program, planning their goals, and selecting potential talent. Due to the wellknown need to select and develop young people over time in a sports training process for future success in a high-performance international setting, teams and coaches are increasingly seeking strategies for identifying a sports talent. Even though it is known that the development trajectory of elite athletes is nonlinear and highly variable, there is a need to study the performance of specific groups over the ages in the training phase. To better understand the dynamics of sports performance, a method known as tracking has been used. Tracking or stability of a feature can be defined as maintaining a relative position within a group, requiring longitudinal observation of the same individuals at least twice in time. Tracking evaluation of anthropometric, physicomotor and maturational indicators uses correlations (Spearman or intraclass correlation coefficient) and percentiles to analyse deviations from the group mean and to maintain relative position within the same group. There is a lack of information due to the little research that involves monitoring the training of young athletes. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the socioenvironmental, anthropometric, maturational, physicomotor characteristics and specific skills of athletes under 14 and under 16 who remained in athletics until the under 20 category and build a model that predicts the main factors that lead athletes remained in the sport and investigate the stability patterns of anthropometric variables and sports performance in young female and male track and field athletes over time. In the first study, 97 men and 105 young female track and field athletes from 11 teams belonging to the under 16 category were evaluated. The initial assessment of male athletes took place in 2013, while females were evaluated in 2014. In 2018, A survey was made of those still participating in official sub-20 competitions. The evaluation protocol was developed on two consecutive days. On the first day, anamnesis, anthropometry (body mass, height, seated height, wingspan and skinfold thickness), anaerobic Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) and weight throwing, long jump, running 800 m and a questionnaire for the coach to assess the sports potential of each athlete. On the second day, flexibility

(Sitting and Reaching), vertical thrust (Counter Movement Jump and Squat Jump), medicine ball throwing, speed (60 m Run) and maximum aerobic speed (LégerBoucher Test) were evaluated. The biological maturation was evaluated by the percentage of the predicted height. In the second study the same initial sample was used. To reassess the volunteers, a search was performed on the CBAt website on behalf of all of the athletes initially evaluated to identify which athletes were still registered and participating in the official competitions. A total of 16 women and 12 men in activity were found. Of these, a total of 14 female and all male athletes were revaluated. The study is longitudinal design. The evaluations took place in 2 moments, totalling a period of 4 (female) and 5 years (male). In the first, the athletes belonged to the sub 16 category and, in the second, to the sub 20 category. The procedures were the same adopted in the first study, except for the long jump, weight throwing, maximal aerobic speed, Rast tests, and the athlete's potential assessment by the trainer, the others being performed in one day. The anthropometric values of the evaluated, as well as that of their parents, were used to calculate the biological maturation of the athletes at the beginning of the study. Based on the results found, 2 articles were prepared. Article 1. Socio-environmental factors, time of practice, level of victory and potential indicated by the coach are indicators that can predict athletes who tend to stay in the sport. For the maturational factors, only the% EAP male Z-score fits this process, while for the motor physicists, Vo2max, Squat Jump, speed 35m, fatigue percentage, relative power and sum of the RAST times were the indicators. that showed significant differences for the male and only the flexibility and the fatigue percentage could not predict in the female. Regarding the logistic model presented among all the factors inserted for its construction, we had with stronger values to predict the athletes' permanence the potential indicated by the coach for males and the level of victory achieved for females. Article 2. Regarding the applied tests, significant differences were found in most anthropometric and physical-motor variables, both in boys and girls after 5 and 4 years of training, respectively. Stability indicators in boys and girls were mostly classified as high and moderate in relation to anthropometric, physical-motor variables, and position in the national ranking and medal achievement were classified with high stability.