Três ensaios sobre a análise das cadeias globais de valor e inserção no comércio internacional

Abstract

The intensification of international fragmentation of production chains has altered the structure of bilateral trade in recent decades. The outsourcing and the specialization of countries in vertically integrated production chains determine this fragmentation. Outsourcing is related to the companies decision to carry out stages of the production abroad. Vertical specialization is defined by the interconnection of the production in a vertical and sequential chain of trade, which extends itself across different countries that specialize in specific stages of the production. In the vertical specialization scenario, it is necessary to differentiate the gross and value-added trade to identify the contribution of each country in the global production. In this context, the doctoral thesis investigated the determinants of international fragmentation by the position of industries in the production chains and the non-tariff measures restricting access to markets. The study used a database built from interregional input-output tables at global level. The input-output analysis measured foreign value added in production and identified the geographic extent of the global value chains. Vertical specialization measures, calculated in the input-output approach, tracked all productive linkages through the structure of industrial interdependence. Thus, this analysis counted the direct and indirect participation of each country in the global production, considering all the stages of the global chains. The study made it possible to understand the insertion in the value chains in different dimensions of the global production networks. The main results also show that the non-tariff measures are restrictions on the trade in value added. Therefore, the global economy has intensified the international fragmentation of production chains, driven, among other factors, by the reduction of tariffs, but the adoption of the non-tariff measures has made it difficult for countries to enter specific stages of these global production chains.