Efeito da experiência migratória internacional no mercado de trabalho na origem: evidências para brasileiros/as de retorno ao estado de Minas Gerais com ênfase na microrregião de Governador Valadares

Abstract

The central objective of this thesis is to understand the effect of the international migration process on the insertion of the return migrant into the labor market of the country of origin. Its focus is the Brazilians returning to the State of Minas Gerais and, particularly, the Microregion of Governador Valadares. The guiding questions of the study are: does the international migratory experience have an impact on the individual about their insertion in the labor market in the country of origin? If so, is this impact positive or negative? Which factors related to the migratory experience affect the socioeconomic situation of the individual in the labor market of origin? The proposal is to identify whether the returnees is at an advantage or at a disadvantage in the Brazilian labor market in comparison to non-migrants and interstate migrants. Or whether the returnees are in the same conditions as the others. For this, besides the fact of being returnee or not, it is also investigated the effects of the destiny of the emigration, the time of residence after return and the fact of professing religious belief predominating or not in the community about the situation in the labor market. Finally, the effect of social networks on the socioeconomic situation of the returnee is verified. The socioeconomic situation is measured by means of income, the probability of being employed and the occupational position. The study is based on quantitative and qualitative methodologies, exploring a sample of Minas Gerais microdata from the Brazil Demographic Census of 2010 (IBGE) and secondary data from two surveys carried out in the Microregion of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, between the years of 2012 and 2015. In the analysis of the 2010 Census sample, we use statistical techniques of hierarchical modeling – linear, binomial logit and multinomial logit with random intercepts, using GLLAMM (generalized linear latent and mixed models). The results show that, compared to non-migrants and interstate migrants, returnees have higher average incomes. However, in terms of whether employees, they are disadvantaged. Because they are less likely to be employee compared to non-migrants. Regarding the occupational condition, there is a relative higher risk ratio for the returnee is evident, highlighting the propensity to be in the condition of a self-employed - entrepreneurship or worker on own account, in relation to being employee. It can be stated that the destination of emigration affects labor income in the labor market, evidencing that the returnees of the United States have an average income higher than the other returnees of Portugal and Italy. In addition, to participate in a religious institution and the time of residence in the state of Minas Gerais showed strong explanatory power in the employability aspect, allowing us to argue about the importance of interactions and strengthening of social ties for productive reintegration. The reports show several difficulties faced in the process of readjustment and employability at the origin, loss of sociocultural references and decline in the quality of economic life. Despite pointing to the difficulties, the interviewees report satisfaction of being back homeland and emphasize the importance of social ties, reaffirming that it was essential the support of family and friends for the readjustment and insertion in the job market.