Métodos determinísticos para detecção e localização por área de faltas monofásicas de alta impedância sustentadas nos circuitos primários de sistemas de distribuição desequilibrados

Abstract

This work aims to develop alternatives for the detection of sustained high impedance faults (HIFs) on distribution power systems. As the majority of these faults are single phase ones, the development was focused on this kind of fault. Due to load unbalance and variation of the distribution systems, the traditional protectiontechniques presents problems on detecting these faults, which are kept sustained on the system. This situation represents a serious public hazard, because the external electrical system structure remains energized, representing a risk to lives that eventually get in touch with it. There is also the risk of starting a fire from this fault point. Topologycal features of Brasilian distribution systems (known as “european type”) were exploited in order to elaborate two methods for detection and localization of HIFs. Both methods are based on the use of meters alocated along the distribution system, whose measurements are sent to a central data concentrator, through a network communication. Then, the received measurements are analysed in order to diagnose the ocurrence of single phase high impedance faults on the system and send alarms that describe the current system situation. The first method, named PDSZ, is based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and besides detecting and locating the fault, can also classify it, showing which phaseis involved. The second one, the PQDSZ, is based on non-synchronized measurements and can not classify the fault. Both methods were implemented on laboratory and tested using real equipament and a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), which allows a very precise evaluation of the proposed methods, emulating conditions very similar the real ones. The simulations prove the aplicability of the proposed methods and the results are analysed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.