Perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos e avaliação fenotípica e genotípica da resistência a ß-lactâmicos (ESBL, AmpC e KPC) em enterobactérias isoladas de infecções do trato urinário

Abstract

The urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly frequent within the population and usually caused by Gram-negative rods. The bacterial β-lactamases are enzymes which confer resistance against β-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, aztreonam and carbapenems) amongst which Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) has been described as an important resistance mechanism to the β-lactam in Gram-negative bacteria. Generally, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most frequent ESBL producing bacterial species, but its production by representatives of other bacterial genus within the Enterobacteriaceae family has already been documented. The aim of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to correlate phenotypic tests with the detection of genetic markers for β-lactamases production such as ESBL, AmpC and KPC in enterobacteria associated to the UTI etiology in patients assisted at a Clinical Analyses Laboratory in Juiz de Fora, MG. From a retrospective study (2001-2008), 66.660 urine samples were analyzed, and the biochemically identified bacteria were submitted to antibiotic susceptibility testing by the disk-diffusion method, according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute/CLSI guidelines. Further, phenotypic detection of the ESBL production was carried out through the disk approximation test. From a prospective study (2009), 12.304 samples were evaluated, and after the microbial identification, antibiotic susceptibility tests and disk approximation assays were performed, for ESBL phenotypic detection. Identification of β-lactamase genetic markers (SHV, TEM, CTX-M, AMPc and KPC) were performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 416 ESBL producing bacteria identified between 2001 and 2008, E. coli was the most frequent (74.4%). High resistance levels were obtained for trimethopim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin in this period. All of the strains were sensitive to imipenem. Regarding the prospective study, 105 ESBL producing bacteria were isolated, being E. coli the most frequent (63%). A high resistance rate was observed against amoxacilin/clavulanic-acid (80.8%), and almost 70% of the samples were resistant to the association trimethopim-sulfamethoxazole and the fluoroquionolones (ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid). Among the drugs for ESBL detection, the cefotaxime was the substrate with the highest resistance rate (86.6%), followed by aztreonam (60.9%) and ceftazidime (55.2%). Among these strains, all of the researched genetic markers for ESBL were detected. In regard to the frequency of detection of the genetic markers, TEM was the most frequent (86.6%), following by SHV (59%), CTX-M (31.4%) and AmpC (27.6%). In all of the bacterial strains it was detected at least 1 of the genetic markers associated to the production of β –lactamases. Two markers were detected in 52.4% and in 20% and 48%, at least 3 or 4 markers were detected, respectively. The KPC type β -lactamase was not detected. The knowledge about the epidemiology, spread dynamics and circulation of these resistance genetic markers to drugs among the different bacterial populations constitutes a relevant issue and makes possible the establishment of a more appropriated chemotherapy. Besides, the generation of basic epidemiological information may sustain for contention of the antimicrobial resistance and the spread of resistant genetic markers related to inactivation of β-lactam drugs.