Pobreza multidimensional de crianças e adolescentes no Brasil: uma análise das privações múltiplas com base no método Alkire e Foster de 2009, 2011 e 2015

Abstract

This dissertation aimed to calculate the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in Brazil for children and adolescents aged eight to 16 years in the years 2009, 2011, and 2015. The intention was to discuss Brazilian institutionalism and the fundamental rights of children and adolescents through a conglomerate of laws and social programs, examining the level of deprivations and identifying in which dimensions and indicators Brazilian children and adolescents experienced the most deprivations during these periods. Additionally, it aimed to conduct an analysis based on ethnicity and race, examining the levels of deprivation within these groups. This research operated on the hypothesis that, due to increased public investment, the creation and integration of various social programs, and the rise in government income transfers from 2003 to 2014 (Abreu, 2014; Neri, 2007), these efforts resulted in improvements in well-being dimensions beyond income, as indicated by IPEA (2019). The data analyzed were secondary quantitative data extracted from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) through the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). In calculating the MPI, the Alkire and Foster (AF) method was employed, as found in Alkire and Foster (2011), Alkire and Roche (2011), Fahel et al. (2016), Gordon et al. (2003), and Alkire and Santos (2010; 2014). The results of this dissertation demonstrated an improvement in the proportion of poverty (H) in all years analyzed. Regarding the average intensity of poverty (A), it reached its maximum value in 2011, indicating that in this year, a higher quantity of children and adolescents were in more severe levels of deprivation. In 2015, the average intensity of poverty reached the second-highest point, followed by 2009, which had the lowest result in the comparison of the three years analyzed. The calculated Multidimensional Poverty Index (M0) indicated a decrease in multidimensional poverty among children and adolescents when comparing the years 2009, 2011, and 2015. The analysis by ethnicity and race groups showed that, in absolute terms, children and adolescents who are pardo and white suffered the most from multidimensional poverty. However, in relative terms, this scenario changed, indicating that within the group, indigenous, pardo, and black children and adolescents had higher proportions of deprivation. Furthermore, the dimension that presented the highest level of deprivation was the standard of living, followed by child labor, domestic sanitation, and education.