Readiness assessment for autonomous vehicles: a comprehensive evaluation of rural road infrastructure suitability

Abstract

The advent of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) represents a promising evolution in the pursuit of safe, sustainable, and efficient mobility. Despite being under development for an extended period, the realization of fully autonomous vehicles remains a challenge. In parallel with technological progress, there is an urgent need to comprehend the implications of autonomous mobility on the transportation system. In this regard, there is a notable gap in clearly defining the requirements a rural road must meet to enable the efficient traffic of AVs. Therefore, this dissertation aims to identify critical infrastructure elements contributing to the readiness of a rural road for AV traffic and propose a qualitative classification to assess this readiness. The study relies on a qualitative systematic literature review and employs thematic analysis techniques to achieve these objectives. The analysis was categorized between elements of physical and digital infrastructure. The study delves into the relationships between elements such as geometric design, signage, pavement, and work zones in examining physical infrastructure. Standardization and establishing minimum criteria, particularly in signage, emerged as pivotal for ensuring the efficient flow of AV traffic, with work zones identified as potential challenges. The analysis of digital infrastructure focuses on communication elements and digital mapping. The study underscores the significance of cellular networks, especially 5G, in rural areas, particularly when AVs transition to Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). The discussion of key considerations for Brazilian government agencies and transportation authorities to facilitate AV traffic on the nation's roads is rooted in the analysis findings. Additionally, the dissertation presents initial attempts to categorize road readiness for AV traffic, building upon these efforts and the conducted analysis to propose a more comprehensive classification. Therefore, this study offers valuable insights to guide stakeholders in promoting autonomous mobility on rural roads, particularly within the Brazilian context.