O retorno do discurso religioso em Arthur Schopenhauer como expressão da limitação metafísica

Abstract

The post-Kantian philosophy found itself at the challenge of solving the dualities arising from the Critique of Pure Reason and give the project a critical positive. Arthur Schopenhauer is inserted in this context, considering himself the true heir of Kant and the only one capable of continuing the critical project. Building on the first edition of the Critique, Schopenhauer uses the Kantian distinction between phenomenon and thing in itself to crack the "enigma of the world." The conclusion reached is that the world is understood only from two complementary truths: the epistemological point of view, the world is representation, from the metaphysical point of view, the world is Will. Will you look to the objective world into numerous degrees in nature, of which the human being is more perfect your copy. It is also the human being that Will becomes conscious of itself and unfolds as a source of endless desires, being the root of all conflict and all suffering (it is the metaphysical pessimism). There must be a redemption! The release is possible in those who have the "know better", partially in aesthetic contemplation and definitely in denial of the Will. In the process of describing his philosophical system, Schopenhauer defines what you think about religions and their doctrines. Religions exist only because the overwhelming majority of humanity has no philosophical capacity. These people need a mythological and allegorical language, typical of religions. In this sense, religion justified in its practical aspect, consolatory, leaving open the question whether their benefits outweigh their harms. Something unusual, however, happens when Schopenhauer describes the state of denial of the will. When you get to "nothing," Schopenhauer says it is better to refer to the language of the saints and mystics that elaborating a philosophical discourse with words weak and feeble. Why again resort to mythological and allegorical language? The applicant contends that explanation of Schopenhauer's metaphysics, because it was an immanent metaphysics (hermeneutics metaphysics or hermeneutics of existence) is no point of reference for preparing a speech on the state of denial of the will, because beyond being is impossible for any description of the thing in itself. Although this explanation is quite consistent, this thesis is the hypothesis that the absence of language in the denial of the will is not due to the arrival point, "nothing", but the starting point, that access is metaphysical. Schopenhauer comes to the metaphysical concept of the Will through the subject's volitional self that is perceived as "wanting", and desire all its essence. However, for religions to will, as described by Schopenhauer, is just the expression of "self" and not "I". The "I" in its fullness absorbs all dualities: wanting/not wanting, good/evil, egoism/compassion, etc.. Thus, the access door to the thing in itself is fragmented in Schopenhauer, so that redemption had come "flying" in his philosophical system and the traditional problem of evil has become the "good problem".