Análise e suporte ao controle de tensão de redes de distribuição de baixa tensão com veículos elétricos utilizando tecnologia V2G

Abstract

Government policies have been developed in several countries with the aim of decarbonizing power generation and the transport sector. Most Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), charging of Electric Vehicles (EVs), for example, are connected to the power grid through power electronics. The dynamics of the controllers involved in the operation of inverters have an impact on the network to which they are connected. In this way, considering the associated incentives, it becomes strategic to analyze the implementation and connection of DERs, such as electric vehicles, to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impacts. Only by knowing the impacts is it possible to suggest mitigation proposals, thus imposing a revolution in the way distributed generation works. According to the literature, the more EVs connected to the electric grid, the greater the expected impact on undervoltage levels. Given this context, this paper is dedicated to the average modeling of EVs (based on the Nissan Leaf model), in order to validate and deepen their impacts in a distribution network. The energy system chosen for the simulations is a distribution system from Costa Rica due to it is a real system, and it is operating at 60 Hz, 34,5 kV (Medium Voltage) and 0,208 kV (Lower Voltage), approximately 0,6377 MVA rated power and has 17.554,60 meters length. Simulations are to be run in 24 hours using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Dynamic profiles for loads and social behavior of the EVs users will be inserted in the simulation, seeking to reproduce a realistic user’s consumption profile. An analysis of the results considering a substantial insertion of electric vehicles is to be considered. As a possible mitigation proposal for the problems caused by the high penetration of EVs, The Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is modeled. The proposed management help to mitigated the occurrence of undervoltage caused by the high penetration of EVs in the network. Results are expected to show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DERs penetration expected for the coming years. This dissertation shows the importance and the benefits of the V2G technology. The control technology acts to mitigate system undervoltage, serving as an ancillary service for the network, and does not require extra installed infrastructure.