Avaliação da toxicidade de nanomateriais em diferentes modelos biológicos e aplicações na transfecção gênica

Abstract

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and cotton cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are interesting nanomaterials (NMs) which possess great potential for applications in various fields such as in water treatment, reinforcement materials, tissue engineering and therapeutic molecule delivery. In particular, MWCNT have emerged as a new method for gene delivery and they can be an alternative for cell and embryos transfection. However, while engineered NMs provide great benefits, we know very little about the potential effects on human health and the environment. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential toxicity of MWCNT and CNF in various biological model organisms (bovine fibroblast and embryo, and green microalgaes) and whether MWCNT is able to deliver exogenous DNA molecules into bovine fibroblast and embryos. In experiment 1, we evaluated in vitro the effects of NMs on bovine fibroblast viability and morphology. The results showed that low concentrations of CNF (0.02-100μg ml-1) did not cause viability loss (P>0.05) or change in cell morphology. However, at concentrations above 200μg ml-1, NFC significantly decreased cell viability (P<0.05) and changes in cell shape. Fibroblasts exposed at concentrations above 100μg ml-1 MWCNT-COOH exhibited a reduced cell viability (P<0.05) and their cell morphology was altered. In experiment 2, we examined gene expression, apoptosis response and developmental rates of in vitro produced bovine embryos that were exposed to NMs. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the hatching, degeneration and apoptosis rate among the control, MWCNT-COOH or cotton CNF- exposed embryos. In contrast, in embryos exposed at 0.2 μg ml-1 MWCNT-COOH showed relatively higher levels (P<0.05) of the genes associated with totipotency, differentiation and response to stress. In experiment 3, we analyzed the cytotoxic response of C. vulgaris and K. flaccidum cells (green microalgae) to NMs by investigating the zeta potential, trypan blue exclusion assay, photosynthetic activity, superoxide dismutase activity, quantification of ATP levels and microscopic investigations. NMs decreased viability, photosynthetic activity and ATP levels of microalgaes cells, depending on concentration and time. Addition of NMs further induced an increase of superoxide dismutase activity and ultrastructural damage cell. In experiment 4, we have used plasmid DNA of green fluorescent protein (pGFP) in combination with MWCNT-COOH to transfect bovine fibroblast and embryos. Detection of GFP accumulation by fluorescence microscopy examination revealed that this gene was expressed in the fibroblast and the embryo (2 to 8-cell stage). However, the expression GFP was not observed in blastocyst stage. The PCR result confirmed the presence of the pGFP gene in the transfected cells (3.30% GFP+) and embryos of 2-8–cell stage (46.67% GFP+). In conclusion, under the conditions tested, the exposures to MWCNTs or CNFs in low concentrations are not toxic to bovine fibroblast cells. However, these NMs have toxic effects in green microalgaes. Especially, this work showed that MWCNT-COOH-transfection of embryo could be a simple and suitable method to introduce foreign genes in embryos and perhaps could be also useful to generate transgenic animals.