Osseointegração: uma revisão de literatura

Abstract

Osseointegration refers to the anchorage of an implant in bone, to a degree that can withstand functional loading. It represents the main pillar for the clinical success of the regeneration technique in the various types of reconstructive surgeries. Some systemic and/or local factors may negatively influence this process. The objective of this study was to review the literature on the biological process of osseointegration and its main influencing factors. According to the literature analyzed, it was possible to verify that osseointegration is closely linked to the biomaterials which should facilitate osseoconduction, osseoinduction and osteogenesis. It is performed after the alloplastic material affixed to the bone structure is clinically asymptomatic with the consequent formation of new and perfectly reformed bone around the implant without showing interpositions between the tissues and where the structural and functional connection is established between bone and device. Revealing, in this way, an active bone/ implant integration. In addition to the characteristics of the prosthetic device / implant, the bone condition, and the specific surgical protocols used, the literature also pointed out the main factors inherent to the patient that may influence the success of osseointegration that were the smoking habit, patients who have passed by head and neck radiotherapy, diabetes and osteoporosis.