Characterization and simulation of photomultiplier tube signals for the CYGNO experiment

Abstract

The CYGNO experiment employs optical readout techniques in gaseous detectors to enhance sensitivity in direct dark matter searches. A critical component of this detection method is the precise characterization and simulation of photomultiplier tube (PMT) signals. The PMTs play a fundamental role in the three-dimensional reconstruction of the particle’s trajectory, which is crucial for determining event directionality, and serve as a parameter for energy estimation and event selection. In this context, the development of a simulation allows the exploration of different experimental configurations, including conditions that may be challenging to reproduce in the laboratory. This study presents a methodology for modeling PMT signals by characterizing single photoelectron responses, analyzing electronic noise contributions, and validating the simulation through comparative analysis with experimental data. By leveraging the CYGNO experimental setup, we evaluate signal properties such as gain, noise spectral density, and time characteristics, ensuring the reliability of the simulated waveforms. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between simulated and real PMT signals, confirming the effectiveness of the developed model in reproducing experimental observations.