Diferentes variações, protocolos e períodos do treinamento intervalado nas respostas fisiológicas, perceptivas e do desempenho com distintas características amostrais

Abstract

Interval training is an important training method for achieving relevant physiological responses. A total of six studies were developed, exploring the variations, protocols, and periods of interval training on the physiological, perceptual, and performance responses with different sample characteristics, including a systematic review, with the intention of deepening and enriching the investigations on the research target theme. Study I: Aimed to verify the responses of different intervals between sprints on blood pressure, heart rate variability, lactate and performance responses in physically active men. Ten male runners participated in this study. The participants performed three sessions, using series with sprint (10 x 30m - maximum intensity). For each session, the protocol was performed with different recovery intervals between stimuli (20, 30 and 40 seconds). At each visit, blood pressure, heart rate variability and lactate were collected before and after. As results, study observed significant differences in lactate variable for the comparison at pre and post times for all experimental conditions (S20, S30 and S40) (p<.001). In addition, significant differences in perceived exertion were observed for S20 and S30 from the sixth sprint onwards (p<.05). In S40, significant differences in perceived exertion started from the fifth sprint (p<.05). No significant differences were observed for blood pressure for all pre and post periods. For sprint performance and heart rate variability, no difference was found (p>.05). Study II: It aimed to verify the influence of different interval times between sprints on the performance of amateur futsal athletes. Ten male individuals, amateur futsal athletes (participated in the study. The individuals were randomly selected to perform sessions with sprints (10 sets of 20 m) with different break times of 15 (S15), 30 (S30) and 60 (S60) seconds. For performance analysis, the speed (km/h) applied to each sprint was monitored by a photocell device. An interaction was observed between speed and interval time (p=.001). For the S15 condition, a greater reduction in performance was observed (p ≤.05), while for S30 and S60, no significant reduction in performance was observed (p>.05). The data for the area under the curve showed a significant difference (p=.001), where the 60s interval (S60) was longer compared to the 30s (S30) (p=.001) and 15s (S15) (p=.001) values. However, there were no significant differences between the 30 and 15 s data (p=.248). In Study III: It aimed, through a systematic review, to verify the effects of interval training on the cardiovascular system in healthy elderly people. Studies were searched in the MedLine, PubMed, and Sport Discus databases. After careful selection procedures, only six studies were included for the final analysis. The results showed that interval training protocols can be an efficient method for functional improvement of cardioprotective variables in the elderly, especially resting heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate variability, baroreflex activity and maximal oxygen consumption. Study IV: It aimed to verify the effects of eight weeks of interval training with different intensities on hemodynamic and autonomic function in elderly subjects. 24 elderly men who were physically active participated in the study in 3 experimental groups: training group A (TGA, n = 8), training group B (TGB, n = 8) and control group (CG, n = 8). For the training groups, the interventions were developed twice a week for eight weeks, with a 48-hour interval between sessions. The evaluations were made before (baseline) and after the eighth week of intervention. The control group did not undergo any intervention. Resting heart rate, blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean), heart rate variability and double product were evaluated. The variables were analyzed for 10 minutes with the subjects at rest in the sitting position before and after the intervention. After the intervention, no statistically significant results were found in the variables evaluated (p> .05). Study V: It aimed to verify the chronic effects of interval training with different intensities on hemodynamic, autonomic and cardiorespiratory variables in physically active elderly people. 24 elderly men participated in the study in three experimental groups: training group A (TGA, n = 8), training group B (TGB, n = 8) and control group (CG, n = 8). The TGA and TGB groups performed 32 training sessions 48 hours apart. TGA performed 4 min (55 to 60% of HRres) and 1 min (70 to 75% of HRres). The TGB performed the same protocol, but performed 4 min at 45 to 50% HRres and 1 min at 60 to 65% HRres. The evaluations were performed before and after the 16th and 32nd intervention sessions. The CG performed only evaluations. As results, there were no statistically significant differences between protocols and time points (p>.05). However, the effect size and the delta percentage indicated clinical results with relevant magnitudes, indicating favorable responses to the interval training intervention on the variables studied. Study VI: The objective was to verify the acute responses of high-intensity interval training with fixed and self-selected recovery on parasympathetic reactivation. 19 individuals participated in the study: 13 men and 6 women. They performed 10 x 30 s (95% Vpeak) for 1 min (HIITRecA 1 min - active - 40% Vpeak) or self-selected recovery (HIITRecB - active - 40% Vpeak). Heart rate variability was assessed before and after the protocols. Heart rate was collected before, immediately after each stimulus, and at the end of the session (for 10 min). As results, no differences were observed in all indices of heart rate variability for condition and time* condition. However, a significant difference was observed in all indices of heart rate variability for time (p<.001), and the observed effects are average (>.06). The latent growth curve model was calculated to identify the interindividual and intraindividual responses in heart rate during and after exertion. Intercept (interindividual) and slope (interindividual) variation was significant for all analyzed time points (p<.05), intra and after exertion (High Intensity Interval Training) for both conditions performed (HIITRecA and HIITRecB).