Modelagem do potencial esportivo no judô: uma proposta para detecção de talentos

Abstract

Brazilian judo athletes have been standing out on the world stage in major competitive events such as the Olympic Games, world championships and Pan American games, but there are few programs that seek to identify and develop talent in this sport. Therefore, it is important to understand talent behavior emerging from the interactions between three factors: individual, task and environment. Considering that the phenomenon of sporting talent cannot be observed directly, but based on aspects that may lead to its interpretation, the objectives of this thesis were: 1) to carry out a systematic review of the literature entitled “Identification and development of talents in judo: a review systematic”, with the purpose of investigating what is known about the subject, the characteristics of the studies, variables that discriminate performance and the prognosis of future success, in addition to knowledge gaps; 2) a survey was carried out with coaches entitled “Identification and development of talents in judo: a perspective of Brazilian coaches”, with the aim of investigating how coaches identify talents and what importance they attribute to each of the performance determinants for the development of talents in this modality; finally, 3) based on the literature review, the knowledge obtained from the coaches and the application of the methodology developed by the Projeto Atletas de Ouro based on a large database evaluating students from a Military College, a statistical modeling was created for judo talent detection at school entitled “Gold Score Judo: talent detection model for judo”. The results found in study 1, 47 articles were reviewed in full. The mean quality of evidence was 94.0%. Most studies were published between the years 2014 and 2021; used cross-sectional designs with group comparisons or performance prediction; used test batteries focused on specialized or advanced samples and measured individual constraints. Few studies examined female samples (8.5%), psychological skills (6.4%) or biological maturation (12.8%). Only 15% of the studies used multivariate analyses. In a more detailed analysis, there was a high degree of variability in the indicators that discriminate between qualified and less qualified judokas, predict performance and/or predict career trajectory. In study 2, 56 coaches (87% men; 41.6±12.5 years; 64% Southeast region; 68% national/international competitive level) answered an online questionnaire about anthropometric, physical-motor, technical, tactical, psychological characteristics and environmental. On a scale of 1 (not very important) to 5 (extremely important), the coaches indicated to what extent a factor/indicator of sporting potential was important for the 13 development of talents in judo. Of the investigated coaches, 58.9% of the coaches carry out talent identification, mainly through training progression, performance in competition and specific tests. The technical factor was the most important, then physical-motor, psychological and tactical, and finally environmental and anthropometric. Most coaches considered the following indicators to be extremely important: gripping ability, projection, combination of blows, transition from standing fight to ground fighting, reaction time, motor coordination, anaerobic resistance, power of lower limbs, ability to withstand pressure, concentration and determination, quality of practice and family support. In the results of the study, we found that three showed that judo practitioners had higher averages in most indicators of sporting potential and higher Gold Score Judo compared to non-athletes (p<0.05). The Gold Score Judo showed a normal distribution in the validation sample. As for the classification of the sporting potential of the sample for judo, in boys, 26.3% bronze, 44.0% silver and 29.7% gold were found, while in girls the percentages were 29.8%, 49.2% and 21.0%, respectively. The internal consistency of the Gold Score Judo was high and the 12-month stability of the index ranged from moderate to high. Construct validity and criterion validity were satisfactory. Students who practice judo had a higher Judo Gold Score than non-athletes and students who the teachers suggested that judo was the most suitable modality for success in the future also had a higher Judo Gold Score in relation to students indicated for other modalities. The female (56.4 ±16.8; p=0.814) and male (68.2 ± 7.4; p=0.003) medalist judo athletes in national school competitions had a higher Judo Gold Score, with the difference for non-judo male medalists, statistically significant. From a practical point of view, the observed differences were of moderate to high magnitude. It is concluded that future research should adopt multidimensional approaches and longitudinal studies that integrate existing discoveries about the maturational, psychological and environmental aspects of judo and that Brazilian judo coaches identify talent mainly through training and competition and consider technique the most important factor for the development of talented young judokas.