Efeito da administração de antibióticos pelo trato respiratório na prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract

Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is correlated with increased mortality and costs in the intensive care unit (ICU). Several preventive strategies have been studied, and among them is the antibiotic administration via the respiratory tract. Objective: We evaluated the effect of antibiotics administered via the respiratory tract to prevent the VAP in mechanically ventilated (MV) patients. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scielo and references of relevant articles for trials that evaluated the impact of prophylactic antibiotics administered through the respiratory tract on the occurrence of VAP. No restrictions based on the date of publication were imposed, and we selected articles written in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Three authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts, and extracted data using standardized forms. The random effects model was used to pool individual study results. The primary end-point was the ocurrence of VAP, and the secondary end-points were hospital mortality and occurrence of VAP due to multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Results:We included six comparative trials involving 1158 patients (632 received prophylactic antibiotic). Our metaanalysis revealed that prophylactic antibiotics administered through the respiratory tract reduced the occurrence of VAP when compared to placebo or no treatment (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.34–0.84). This effect was seen when the antibiotics were given by nebulization (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.22–0.97), but not when they were administered by intratracheal instillation (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.28–1.15). We did not find a significant difference between the compared groups in the ICU mortality (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.64–1.25). Antibiotic prophylaxis did not impact occurrence of VAP due to MDR pathogens (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.17–2.62). Conclusions: Prophylactic antibiotics administered through the respiratory tract by nebulization reduce the occurrence of VAP, without a significant effect on either the ICU mortality or occurrence of VAP due to MDR pathogens.