O resistoma da microbiota respiratória e seu impacto na saúde e na doença

Abstract

Respiratory infections and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials represent a major global challenge due to their morbidity and mortality. The study of the human resistome is predominantly focused on the intestinal microbiota, leaving the respiratory tract in a secondary position. This work presents a bibliographic survey on the profile of the respiratory resistome through a structured literature review (2015–2025), conducted in the PubMed, BVS, and CAPES databases, in which 13 main articles were selected for analysis. The data reveal that, despite technical difficulties, the characterization of this environment is fundamental, since chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and viral infections significantly alter the balance of the microbiota, promoting the selection and activation of resistance genes. In this way, dysbiosis reduces microbial diversity, enriches the resistome, and favors the horizontal transfer of resistance genes through mobile genetic elements. It is concluded that the respiratory resistome constitutes an emerging field of study, with great potential to act as a predictive biomarker in clinical evolution and in the management of infectious diseases.