Estações de carregamento de veículos elétricos ultrarrápidas em redes de distribuição: impactos e capacidade de hospedagem

Abstract

The electrification of the transportation sector generates several environmental benefits, thus being one of the main pillars of the energy transition in Brazil and worldwide. In recent decades, the replacement of internal combustion vehicles with electric vehicles has aligned with international commitments to mitigate climate change. Despite contributing to the pursuit of energy sustainability and environmental preservation, the integration of electric vehicles imposes new challenges on distribution networks, especially with the advent of ultra-fast charging stations with high power outputs. The high penetration of ultra-fast chargers in distribution systems can lead them to reach their operational limits, jeopardizing their integrity and the safety of people. Therefore, knowledge of the hosting capacity helps ensure that distribution systems operate safely and reliably, within the limits defined by regulations. In Brazil, the analysis of the technical feasibility of integrating ultra-fast charging stations, for example, on the order of 1,000 kW, is still poorly explored, representing a research gap. In this context, the present work aims to present a methodology for calculating the hosting capacity of ultra-fast charging stations using computational tools (Python and OpenDSS), with this methodology based on the deterministic method of calculating hosting capacity. Furthermore, it aims to measure the impacts generated by the massive insertion of these chargers into the grid. In order to validate the proposed methodology, it was applied in two case studies: the distribution system of Poços de Caldas (MG) and the electrical grid of the UFJF university campus. Finally, it evaluated how photovoltaic solar generation can contribute to the integration of electric vehicles into the distribution network. The results of this dissertation were obtained considering the most critical simulation times, which correspond to the peak load at 6:00 PM and the peak generation at 1:00 PM. Considering the most conservative scenario (18 hours), a hosting capacity of 1,000 kW was found for the Federal University of Juiz de Fora Campus and a capacity of 4,000 kW for the Poços de Caldas distribution network.