Associação entre periodontite e o uso de cigarros eletrônicos: revisão narrativa da literatura

Abstract

The electronic cigarette has emerged as an alternative to conventional smoking, being widely used among adolescents and young adults under the perception of reduced harm. However, its composition includes potentially toxic substances such as metals, aldehydes, and nicotine, which may cause adverse effects on oral and systemic health. This study aims to review the scientific literature on the relationship between electronic cigarette use and the development of periodontitis, emphasizing its clinical and inflammatory impacts. Observational studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trials from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were analyzed. Findings indicate that electronic cigarette users show increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative stress markers, as well as alterations in the oral microbiota and an increased risk of periodontal disease compared to non-smokers, though less pronounced than in traditional smokers. Although non-surgical periodontal therapy has shown effectiveness in users of electronic cigarettes, evidence remains limited regarding long-term effects. It is concluded that electronic cigarettes represent an intermediate risk between conventional smoking and no exposure, reinforcing the need for public policies, preventive strategies, and training of dental professionals concerning the clinical implications of this habit.