Karl Marx e sua teoria metafísica do valor

Abstract

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was one of the most important scholars of the humanities and social sciences. The German author produced a vast body of work focusing on the most complex themes. In philosophy, he developed a worldview that came to be known as "dialectical historical materialism”. In the field of political economy, he proposed a theory of value that was both the ultimate realization and a superseding of the value theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. This Marxist theory of value, however, has been the subject of considerable debate throughout the history of economic thought. A common criticism, from renowned economists such as Bohm-Bawerk and Joan Robinson, is that Marx's concept of value is essentially speculative, philosophical, and metaphysical. In response to this question, Marx’s enthusiasts and disciples such as Enrique Dussel Jacques Derrida, Christopher Arthur, and Jadir Antunes proposed the hypothesis that Marxist value theory is indeed a metaphysical theory, but that this attribute is a reflection of the real metaphysics of the commodity world. In light of this, this monographic essay proposes a study that explores the following question: is Marxist value theory a metaphysical theory of value? Using a literature review method, covering both Marx's primary works and various commentators, the monograph concluded that the capitalist mode of production is indeed endowed with an objective metaphysics, characterized by the dominance of abstractions over concrete production. Thus, Marx was a critic of metaphysics, considered both practically and theoretically. Socialism, then, from this perspective, would be the negation of the abstract equality inherent in metaphysics and the affirmation of the immense diversity of human life.