Métodos e critérios de diagnóstico da asma em crianças na primeira infância: análise na atenção ambulatorial especializada à saúde de Governador Valadares-MG

Abstract

Objective: To identify the methods and criteria used by pediatricians in specialized outpatient care, both in the public and/or private sectors, for diagnosing asthma in early childhood in the city of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais. Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional, and exploratory study with a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative data. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire administered to physicians with a Specialty Qualification Registry (RQE) in Pediatrics. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis techniques. Results: The final sample comprised 41 pediatricians, predominantly female (80.5%), with 46.3% between 28 and 37 years old and 56,2 % working in public services and supplementary healthcare. The majority addressed issues related to symptoms and personal and family history of atopy and respiratory diseases for the diagnosis of asthma in childhood. Although 56% reported using the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria, only 26.9% employed standardized screening tools, and 53.6% did not refer patients for physical therapy. Qualitative analysis identified: 1- difficulties in communicating with families; 2- structural issues within the healthcare system; 3- uncertainty in clinical diagnosis; 4- low adherence to treatment; and 5- challenges in health education and environmental control. Conclusion: The study highlights gaps in asthma diagnosis during early childhood in Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, particularly regarding the underuse of standardized diagnostic tools and the low rate of referrals to physical therapy services.