A demanda por ingressos de jogos do futebol brasileiro

Abstract

The estimation of the demand for football tickets has attracted researchers worldwide with the aim of assisting in pricing and determining the increase in ticket sales revenue. Given the importance of football at both national and international levels, this dissertation aims to estimate the elasticities of demand for football tickets in Brazil at two levels of analysis. At the first level of analysis, data from match reports were compiled over eight seasons of the Brazilian Serie A Championship from 2012 to 2019 to estimate price elasticity, income elasticity, and fan base elasticity. At the second level of analysis, data from the match statements of games played at Maracanã by Flamengo and Fluminense in the Serie A of the Brazilian Championship, in the Brazil Cup, and in the Carioca Championship from 2012 to 2022 was gathered to calculate ticket price elasticity, income elasticity, fan base elasticity, and cross-price elasticity of demand for tickets in the different sectors of Maracanã Stadium. These demand elasticities were estimated using Two-Stage Least Squares, employing a set of instruments to correct for the endogeneity of the single demand equation, generated by the simultaneity bias of the price. Furthermore, to minimize the omitted variable bias and obtain the identification of demand elasticities, a comprehensive list of controls suggested by the literature was added to the regression. At this level of analysis, cross-sectional dependence between football matches was also detected, its presence was explained, and the appropriate correction was applied. Finally, the sensitivity of ticket demand across different stadium sectors was estimated in relation to the perception of violence in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In general, the results reveal that fans have a low significant sensitivity to price changes (-0,26), that football is considered a slightly inferior good for Brazilians (-0,013), and that attendance is expected to increase when matches are held in the hometowns of the clubs (0,1761). As for determining sector-specific demand at Maracanã, Flamengo and Fluminense fans have different characteristics to all Brazilians in their choice regarding seats in the CMM section of the stadium. They designate the CIL sector as a substitute with an increase in the price of the former. The price elasticity of demand for the CMM sector is -3.720, while the cross-price elasticity of demand for the CIL sector is 2.865. On the other hand, in the demand for the CIL sector, the price elasticity of this sector was found to be significant and similar to the general demand for football tickets (-0,387), while the crossprice elasticity of the substitute seats for the Lower West Stand sector was 0.116.