Zonação altitudinal e dinâmica da paisagem no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ: subsídios para o planejamento ambiental em montanhas tropicais

Abstract

This study was conducted to understand the interactions and geosystem processes present in the spatial organization of the mountain landscapes of Serra dos Órgãos National Park, based on the structural and dynamic approaches of landscape analysis, in order to interpret its altitudinal successions and interrelationships, as well as to support environmental planning. It is inserted in a context of mobile belt domains, a region of scarps and reverses of the Serra do Mar. Its unit is Serra dos Órgãos, and its structural category is sharp, reflected by its location in a shear zone. The area presents three distinct morphologies: summit plateaus, characterized by flattened tops and high slopes; dissected ridges and steep slopes; valley bottoms with talus deposits. The structural context conditions the drainage pattern in the region, forming a trellis and parallel pattern. Through analysis, interpretation of cartographic products, correlation of information, and field visits, a mapping of geosystems was carried out, supported by bilateral classification, divided into geomers and geochors. The interpretation of their boundaries was made by intersecting all the base maps, and the geosystem units were delimited through layer overlay, encompassing the elements that compose the geosystem. In the mapping of geosystems that make up the topogeochor, three classes of facies were identified: Vegetated summit plateaus, Dissected ridges and forested valley bottoms, and Fluvial plains and forested valley bottoms under anthropic influence. In addition, 16 groups of facies were identified, including: summit plateaus with herbaceous and shrubby altimontane fields on mesomature to immature soils; dissected ridges and steep slopes with dense montane rainforest on immature to mesomature soils with numerous rocky outcrops; valley bottoms with talus deposits and montane dense rainforest on mesomature soils under the influence of agriculture and pasture mosaic; dissected ridges and steep slopes with submontane dense rainforest on immature to mesomature soils; fluvial plains with submontane dense rainforest on mesomature to mature soils under strong urban influence; fluvial plains with submontane dense rainforest on mesomature to mature soils under the influence of agriculture and pasture mosaic. The altitudinal zoning in the landscape is distinguished by the particular transition between different phytophysiognomies, as well as their associations with other elements of the geosystem.