O início da metapsicologia de Freud: uma abordagem epistemológica sobre a gênese do inconsciente

Abstract

The main objective of this work is to understand the Freudian metapsychological status, in order to clarify the nature of the psychic, as well as to present the main freudian hypotheses regarding the genesis and relation of the unconscious and the conscience. Is it possible to attribute to the human mind a psychic activity that would be disengaged from the brain? Is psychology postulating other ways of understanding the nature of the psychic, or is it merely an epistemic unfolding related to the new discoveries of the human mind? In the work entitled "Project of a Psychology," written in 1895 and published posthumously in 1950, Freud initially formulates the hypothesis of a "neuronal apparatus" that would correspond to processes that would occur in the nervous system and could be related to the anatomical regions of the brain. In this text, for the first time in his metapsychological work, Freud admits the existence of an unconscious psychic, or in other words, of "psychic" processes that would occur independently of the sphere of consciousness. In the text "Note on the Concept of the Unconscious in Psychoanalysis", 1912, Freud clarifies that psychoanalysis attributes to the unconscious term three distinct senses: the descriptive, the dynamic and the systematic. The term unconscious is used, in the descriptive sense, in order to describe phenomena that are psychic, however, they escape the notion of consciousness. As for the dynamic sense, the unconscious starts to be analyzed from the understanding that there is a set of nonconscious forces that influence psychic behavior. Freud points out that the unconscious and insusceptible phenomena of consciousness reveal elements distinct from those of the psyche, and which have a connection with consciousness. Freud formulates his hypotheses on psychoanalytic theory in the work "The Interpretation of Dreams" of 1900, analyzing normal and pathological mental functioning through the analysis of dreams. Freud seeks to understand and point out that during their analysis people could reveal their neurotic conflicts. Freud states that we have no guarantee that it is possible to know dreams as they really do, for what we remember from a dream has already been fragmented by our memory, since we do not have the ability to retain all or most of the dream. dreamy content. Our memories of dreams are uncertain and can be falsified. He points out that the unconscious is the true psychic reality and that it can only be known at the moment when the data of consciousness emerge, for in itself the unconscious is unknowable.