O efeito das modificações das regras no judô entre os ciclos olímpicos 2016 e 2020: diferenças temporais entre categorias de peso e sexo em combates internacionais

Abstract

Introduction: This research verified the impacts of judo rule changes from 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles on the total time, temporal phases and effort:pause ratio in international combats, considering the seven weight divisions in both sexes. Three review articles (one narrative; two systematics with meta-analysis) were produced to understand the evolution of the rules and temporal structure of judo combats. Methods: 2,712 videos of international judo combats from two Olympic cycles (2015-2016; 2019-2020) of the top 20 athletes ranked by weight division (world ranking: 05/30/2016; 03/16/2020) were analyzed. Thus, 1,332 female combats (666/Olympic cycle: ˂48kg=132; ˂52kg=72; ˂57kg=109; ˂63kg=96; ˂70kg=69; ˂78kg=106; ˃78kg=82) and 1,380 male combats (690/Olympic cycle: ˂60kg=123; ˂66kg=91; ˂73kg=100; ˂81kg=102; ˂90kg=94; ˂100kg=89; ˃100kg=91) were analyzed, and all combats took place before the interruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A judo expert used a validated software (Frami®, BRA) for temporal analysis in judo. The reliability (test/retest after one week) obtained “excellent” agreement (ICC=0.95-0.99) in the occurrence and time spent in the combat phases (approach, gripping, attack, defense, groundwork and pause). An initial study with 680 male combats was carried out to consolidate the analysis procedures. After that, data collection and analysis were performed. Results: Compared to the 2016 cycle, the male combats from 2020 cycle (p˂0.05): lasted less (2020=206.9 vs. 2016=240.3 seconds); had a higher occurrence (2020=27% vs. 2016=6%) and time (2020=95.1 vs. 2016=77.6 seconds) of Golden Score (GS); lasted less in the gripping, attack, defense and ground phases, and longer in the pause; had a lower effort:pause ratio (2020=2.3:1 vs. 2016=3.1:1). Analyzing male combats by weight division and comparing the two cycles (p˂0.05): all weight divisions reduced the gripping time in Regular Time combats (RT); ˂60kg, ˂66kg, ˂81kg and ˂100kg reduced time in almost all combat phases [except: approach (˂66kg) and pause (˂66kg, ˂81kg, ˂100kg)]; ˂66kg reduced GS combat time. Compared to the 2016, the female combats from 2020 (p˂0.05): spent less time in the attack, defense and groundwork phases; reduced the time in combats ended in RT and in its combat phases (2020=155.3 vs. 2016=191.9 seconds); had a higher occurrence (2020=20% vs. 2016=9%) and time spent in the GS (2020=122.1 vs. 2016=89.8 seconds), in which the approach and gripping phases were longer. Analyzing the female combats by weight division and comparing with the 2016 cycle, in 2020 cycle it was observed that (p˂0.05): ˂48kg, ˂63kg, ˂70kg and ˂78kg reduced the time spent in almost all phases of the combats which ended in RT [except: approach (˂78kg), gripping (˂48kg and ˂63kg) and groundwork (˂70kg)]; there was an increase in the GS occurrence in the ˂48kg (↑18%), ˂63kg (↑17%) and ˂78kg (↑21%) categories; there was less variation in the effort:pause ratio (2020= 2.8:1 to 3:1 vs. 2016= 2.5:1 to 3.4:1). Conclusion: In view of the changes in the temporal behavior of combats between the Olympic cycles, it is suggested that judo coaches plan specific technicaltactical strategies according to the current rule and the individual temporal demands of effort.